{"id":5958,"date":"2025-10-17T20:42:06","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T20:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/?p=5958"},"modified":"2025-10-17T20:42:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T20:42:06","slug":"real-time-pricing-of-electricity-for-households-an-international-survey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/fr\/articles\/real-time-pricing-of-electricity-for-households-an-international-survey","title":{"rendered":"Prix en temps r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages : une analyse internationale"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">R\u00c9SUM\u00c9<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span class=\"DropCap\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">L<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"FR-CA\">e pr\u00e9sent article porte sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de plusieurs pays \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la tarification en temps r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages. Dans les \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques, la tarification en temps r\u00e9el est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme la \u00ab\u00a0meilleure\u00a0\u00bb forme de tarification si l\u2019on veut maximiser l\u2019efficience \u00e9conomique. Cependant, du point de vue du client, elle n\u2019a pas suscit\u00e9 beaucoup d\u2019engouement aux \u00c9tats-Unis ou au Canada. Ce type de tarification a surtout \u00e9t\u00e9 largement d\u00e9ploy\u00e9 en Europe, o\u00f9 il a \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9 par des d\u00e9taillants qui se livraient concurrence; mais m\u00eame l\u00e0, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne relativement r\u00e9cent. Il fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un essai en Australie. Dans le pr\u00e9sent article, je compare l\u2019incidence de la tarification en temps r\u00e9el sur la demande de pointe \u00e0 des formes plus simples de tarifs variables en fonction du temps, comme la tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques et les tarifs \u00e9tablis en fonction de l\u2019heure de la consommation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">QU\u2019EST-CE QUE LA TARIFICATION EN TEMPS R\u00c9EL?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Sur les march\u00e9s de gros, les prix de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 changent de minute en minute \u00ab\u00a0en temps r\u00e9el\u00a0\u00bb, d\u2019o\u00f9 les termes \u00ab\u00a0tarifs en temps r\u00e9el\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0tarification en temps r\u00e9el\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0(\u00ab\u00a0TTR\u00a0\u00bb). M\u00eame lorsqu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de march\u00e9 de gros, la TTR peut \u00eatre d\u00e9finie en l\u2019assimilant \u00e0 des variations du co\u00fbt marginal de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, qui est parfois mesur\u00e9 par \u00ab\u00a0le lambda du syst\u00e8me\u00a0\u00bb dans les mod\u00e8les d\u2019\u00e9tablissement des co\u00fbts de production. Souvent, les tarifs en temps r\u00e9el ou les co\u00fbts marginaux varient aussi selon l\u2019endroit, ce qui donne lieu \u00e0 une tarification selon les co\u00fbts marginaux propre \u00e0 l\u2019emplacement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Lorsque ces prix de gros sont refil\u00e9s aux consommateurs au d\u00e9tail, on les appelle aussi tarifs en temps r\u00e9el. Parfois, on les appelle simplement des prix fortement dynamiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">O\u00d9 LA TTR EST-ELLE OFFERTE?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Au Canada, la TTR a \u00e9t\u00e9 offerte dans deux provinces, l\u2019Alberta et l\u2019Ontario. Cependant, il \u00e9tait difficile de mettre en \u0153uvre la TTR sans compteurs intelligents, m\u00eame si la forme de la charge pour l\u2019ensemble du r\u00e9seau ou pour la cat\u00e9gorie r\u00e9sidentielle avait \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e. Une fois les compteurs intelligents mis en place, il devenait techniquement possible pour les consommateurs de s\u2019abonner \u00e0 la TTR. Il reste toutefois difficile de trouver des traces que cette solution a \u00e9t\u00e9 choisie. En Ontario, la grande majorit\u00e9 des r\u00e9pondants pr\u00e9f\u00e9raient acheter de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 selon la grille tarifaire r\u00e9glement\u00e9e (\u00ab\u00a0GTR\u00a0\u00bb), qui consistait en une tarification selon l\u2019heure de la consommation (\u00ab\u00a0THC\u00a0\u00bb) bas\u00e9 sur trois p\u00e9riodes. R\u00e9cemment, on a instaur\u00e9 une quatri\u00e8me p\u00e9riode pour offrir un tarif beaucoup plus bas que celui appliqu\u00e9 durant les heures creuses afin de r\u00e9pondre aux besoins des conducteurs de v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques (\u00ab\u00a0VE\u00a0\u00bb) et des clients qui travaillent la nuit. Environ 90\u00a0% des clients utilisent la THC standard, 10\u00a0% le tarif variable (qui est ant\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la THC), et moins de 1\u00a0% la THC fond\u00e9e sur quatre p\u00e9riodes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Alberta, l\u2019option de tarifs r\u00e9glement\u00e9s (\u00ab\u00a0OTR\u00a0\u00bb) \u00e9tait auparavant le tarif standard pour les clients r\u00e9sidentiels qui ne voulaient pas passer \u00e0 un fournisseur d\u2019\u00e9nergie au d\u00e9tail. En janvier\u00a02025, elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 remplac\u00e9e par le tarif de dernier recours. L\u2019OTR \u00e9tait un tarif fixe qui fluctuait d\u2019un mois \u00e0 l\u2019autre en fonction des conditions du march\u00e9 de gros. Le tarif de dernier recours est un tarif fixe \u00e9tabli pour la p\u00e9riode du 1er\u00a0janvier\u00a02025 au 31\u00a0d\u00e9cembre\u00a02026, et il ne peut augmenter ou diminuer que de 10\u00a0%, au maximum, \u00e0 la fin de chaque p\u00e9riode de deux ans. Il est \u00e9tabli tous les deux ans pour \u00e9viter des pics de prix soudains pour les clients<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, la TTR n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 offerte qu\u2019\u00e0 des clients r\u00e9sidentiels dans un seul \u00c9tat\u00a0: l\u2019Illinois. Deux services publics appartenant \u00e0 des investisseurs l\u2019offrent\u00a0: Commonwealth Edison (\u00ab\u00a0ComEd\u00a0\u00bb) et Ameren Illinois. En 2007, Commonwealth Edison a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 offrir la TTR aux clients r\u00e9sidentiels et, plus tard, Ameren Illinois a embo\u00eet\u00e9 le pas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La TTR s\u2019applique uniquement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie vendue. Les co\u00fbts de transport et de distribution continuent d\u2019\u00eatre recouvr\u00e9s au moyen d\u2019une conception tarifaire traditionnelle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Europe, au moins cinq pays offrent la TTR\u00a0: le Danemark, les Pays-Bas, la Norv\u00e8ge, l\u2019Espagne et le Royaume-Uni. Au Danemark, aux Pays-Bas, en Norv\u00e8ge et au Royaume-Uni, elle est offerte par des distributeurs d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Espagne, elle est demeur\u00e9e la m\u00e9thode de tarification par d\u00e9faut d\u2019octobre\u00a02015 \u00e0 d\u00e9cembre\u00a02023. Le tarif par d\u00e9faut a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9limin\u00e9 en raison de plaintes de la client\u00e8le.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En France, la TTR \u00e9tait offerte avant la crise \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de 2021\u20132022. \u00c0 l\u2019heure actuelle, elle n\u2019est plus offerte. Les d\u00e9taillants offrent plut\u00f4t une tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques (la \u00ab\u00a0THPC\u00a0\u00bb).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Australie, une forme de la TTR appel\u00e9e Dynamic Operating Envelops<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> est mise \u00e0 l\u2019essai dans le cadre d\u2019un projet pilote appel\u00e9 Project Edith<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>. Celui-ci est dirig\u00e9 par Ausgrid<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>, un r\u00e9seau qui dessert la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, et par Reposit Power. Elle est offerte uniquement aux clients qui ont install\u00e9 des panneaux solaires, et s\u2019applique aux importations et aux exportations vers le r\u00e9seau. Les tarifs sont fix\u00e9s pour chaque intervalle de cinq minutes et peuvent \u00eatre positifs ou n\u00e9gatifs (r\u00e9compenses).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">COMBIEN DE CLIENTS ONT ADOPT\u00c9 LA TTR?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Illinois, moins de 2\u00a0% des clients se sont abonn\u00e9s \u00e0 la TTR. Cela en d\u00e9pit des conclusions d\u2019une \u00e9tude qui a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 qu\u2019une proportion \u00e9crasante de clients auraient des factures moins \u00e9lev\u00e9es s\u2019ils souscrivaient \u00e0 la TTR au lieu de tarifs non-fonction des heures<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup>. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, l\u2019\u00e9tude concluait :<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">\u00ab\u00a0En utilisant 12\u00a0mois de donn\u00e9es sur la consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie provenant des compteurs intelligents, rendus anonymes par le code postal, l\u2019Environmental Defense Fund (\u201cEDF\u201d) et la Citizens Utility Board (\u201cCUB\u201d) ont calcul\u00e9 le montant des factures d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 de 300\u00a0000\u00a0nouveaux clients r\u00e9sidentiels de ComEd en 2016 si ceux-ci s\u2019\u00e9taient abonn\u00e9s au programme de tarification horaire.\u00a0\u00bb L\u2019\u00e9tude a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 ce qui suit\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">97\u00a0% des m\u00e9nages \u00e9tudi\u00e9s auraient \u00e9conomis\u00e9, ce qui repr\u00e9sente une \u00e9conomie totale de 29,8\u00a0millions de dollars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Le client moyen aurait \u00e9conomis\u00e9 86,63\u00a0$ durant l\u2019ann\u00e9e en question, soit 13,2\u00a0% de moins que ce qu\u2019il a pay\u00e9 selon la facturation traditionnelle.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La tranche des 5\u00a0% de clients ayant \u00e9conomis\u00e9 le plus aurait r\u00e9duit ses factures de 104\u00a0$ par ann\u00e9e en moyenne, ou 31\u00a0%.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Parmi les clients qui auraient perdu de l\u2019argent (environ 3\u00a0% de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon), l\u2019augmentation m\u00e9diane des factures \u00e9tait estim\u00e9e \u00e0 6,23\u00a0$ au total pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Il n\u2019y a pas de diff\u00e9rence importante entre les effets des tarifs en temps r\u00e9el sur les factures des clients \u00e0 faible revenu et celles d\u2019autres clients [traduction].<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">\u00ab\u00a0En somme, la grande majorit\u00e9 des nouveaux clients en 2016 auraient tir\u00e9 des avantages financiers de leur participation au programme de tarification horaire\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Malgr\u00e9 ce r\u00e9sultat positif, pourquoi seulement 1 \u00e0 2\u00a0% des clients se sont-ils abonn\u00e9s \u00e0 un service fond\u00e9 sur la TTR\u00a0? Personne n\u2019a de r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 cette question. Les enqu\u00eates aupr\u00e8s des clients qui utilisent la TTR montrent que la plupart d\u2019entre eux ont constat\u00e9 que certaines heures de la journ\u00e9e sont plus co\u00fbteuses et que d\u2019autres le sont moins. Ils r\u00e9agissent \u00e0 la TTR comme s\u2019il s\u2019agissait d\u2019une tarification en fonction du moment de la journ\u00e9e (\u00ab\u00a0TMJ\u00a0\u00bb), ce qui va \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de l\u2019objectif d\u2019envoyer des signaux de prix horaires. Autrement dit, les m\u00eames r\u00e9sultats auraient \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenus si le client avait eu une conception tarifaire beaucoup plus simple. Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter que relativement peu de clients vivant en Illinois ont m\u00eame une TMJ simple.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Le Danemark compte environ 40\u00a0d\u00e9taillants d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Ceux-ci offrent plus de 143\u00a0produits de tarification aux clients, y compris des prix fixes, des prix au comptant et des prix au comptant avec un plafond. Environ 70\u00a0% des clients ont choisi une forme quelconque de TTR. Toutefois, la TMJ ne vise que la portion relative \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie de la facture. La plupart des services publics de distribution offrent des TMJ. Les co\u00fbts de distribution correspondent au tiers de la facture du client, et les taxes repr\u00e9sentent un pourcentage semblable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La facture danoise type comporte cinq \u00e9l\u00e9ments\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Co\u00fbt de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9\u00a0: La plupart des clients obtiennent le prix horaire d\u00e9fini par le march\u00e9 au comptant, mais les consommateurs peuvent aussi choisir d\u2019obtenir un prix fixe ou d\u2019obtenir le prix horaire avec un plafond de prix.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Co\u00fbt de distribution\u00a0: Ces tarifs varient habituellement selon moment de la journ\u00e9e. Les tarifs typiques comportent trois niveaux selon la saison. L\u2019hiver est la saison de pointe. Voici un exemple de Radius, qui exploite le r\u00e9seau de distribution dans la r\u00e9gion de Copenhague<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">\u00c9t\u00e9 : Heures creuses (de 21 h \u00e0 6 h) 12,15 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 1,9 c\/kWh, heures normales (de 6 h \u00e0 19 h) 18,22 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 2,8 c\/kWh, heures de pointe (de 17 h \u00e0 21 h) 47,38 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 7,2 c\/kWh. Le ratio des tarifs entre les heures de pointes et les heures creuses est de 3,9:1.<\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">Hiver : Heures creuses (de 21 h \u00e0 6 h) 12,15 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 1,9 c\/kWh, heures normales (de 6 h \u00e0 19 h) 36,45 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 6,5 c\/kWh, heures de pointe (de 17 h \u00e0 21 h) 109,34 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 16,8 c\/kWh. Le ratio des tarifs entre les heures de pointes et les heures creuses est de 9:1.<\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">En plus de la charge volum\u00e9trique, Radius applique une charge fixe de 537 couronnes danoises ou 83 $ par ann\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Co\u00fbt de transmission : En 2023, le tarif fixe \u00e9tait de 11,2 \u00f8re\/kWh.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">Taxes : Il existe une taxe sur l\u2019\u00e9nergie (69,7 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 10,7 c\/kWh en 2023, qui devrait diminuer progressivement \u00e0 56,10 \u00f8re\/kWh ou 8,6 c\/kWh d\u2019ici 2030) et une taxe sur la valeur ajout\u00e9e (TVA), qui correspond \u00e0 25 % de la facture totale incluant la taxe.<\/li>\n<li class=\"L1BulletMainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">Frais d\u2019abonnement : Les entreprises de distribution ajoutent des frais pour le compteur (environ 100 $ par ann\u00e9e), tandis que les d\u00e9taillants peuvent aussi, dans certains cas, ajouter des frais fixes selon le plan tarifaire du client (habituellement entre 4 $ et 6 $ par mois).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients paient la facture \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise de vente au d\u00e9tail, qui paie ensuite l\u2019exploitant du r\u00e9seau de distribution et l\u2019exploitant du r\u00e9seau de transport.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Norv\u00e8ge, environ 75\u00a0% des clients utilisent la TTR, mais les tarifs ne sont pas communiqu\u00e9s activement aux clients. Il n\u2019y a pas de tarif par d\u00e9faut pour l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Les entreprises de distribution fixent les prix des services du r\u00e9seau et les clients paient une facture pour l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et une facture pour le r\u00e9seau, mais certains d\u00e9taillants combinent les deux prix.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Espagne, \u00e0 partir d\u2019octobre\u00a02015, la TTR a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre offerte comme tarif par d\u00e9faut aux clients qui ne s\u2019\u00e9taient pas abonn\u00e9s \u00e0 un d\u00e9taillant. Environ la moiti\u00e9 des clients \u00e9taient assujettis au tarif par d\u00e9faut. Les choses ont toutefois chang\u00e9 en raison des pr\u00e9occupations des clients au sujet de la volatilit\u00e9 des prix. Le 1er\u00a0janvier\u00a02024, la TTR a \u00e9t\u00e9 remplac\u00e9e par une TMJ fond\u00e9e sur trois p\u00e9riodes dont les prix changent quotidiennement, car ils sont index\u00e9s aux prix du march\u00e9 de gros<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Au Royaume-Uni, Octopus Energy<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> propose la TTR. Son offre de produits est appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0Agile Octopus\u00a0\u00bb. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un \u00ab\u00a0tarif intelligent b\u00eata novateur\u00a0\u00bb. Selon les renseignements figurant sur le site Web de l\u2019entreprise, elle aide \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0fournir une \u00e9nergie moins co\u00fbteuse et plus verte \u00e0 tous nos clients, mais elle est directement touch\u00e9e par la volatilit\u00e9 du march\u00e9 de gros\u00a0\u00bb [traduction]. Agile offre des prix demi-horaires qui peuvent grimper jusqu\u2019\u00e0 100 p\/kWh en tout temps, bien qu\u2019en moyenne, un m\u00e9nage type aurait pay\u00e9 environ 35\u00a0p\/kWh au cours de l\u2019hiver\u00a02022-2023<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup>. En devise am\u00e9ricaine, cela repr\u00e9senterait un prix de pointe de 1,30\u00a0$\/kWh, comparativement \u00e0 un tarif moyen de 45,5\u00a0cents\/kWh. Les prix sont \u00e9tablis entre 16\u00a0h et 20\u00a0h la veille et refl\u00e8tent les prix du march\u00e9 de gros.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Le tarif intelligent b\u00eata est commercialis\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s des clients qui sont en mesure de d\u00e9tourner une grande partie de leur \u00e9nergie des p\u00e9riodes de pointe en utilisant des technologies intelligentes comme l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire et les batteries, les VE et le stockage d\u2019\u00e9nergie thermique. Il comporte un plafond tarifaire qui garantit que les tarifs ne d\u00e9passeront pas 100\u00a0p\/kWh, ou 1,38\u00a0$ US\/kWh.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La figure ci-dessous illustre le type de variation de prix associ\u00e9 au tarif Agile<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a01\u00a0: Variation des prix en temps r\u00e9el au Royaume-Uni<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6062 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1430\" height=\"631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1.png 1430w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1-1024x452.png 1024w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1-768x339.png 768w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure1_Real-time-price-variation-in-the-UK-1-125x55.png 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1430px) 100vw, 1430px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">QUELS ONT \u00c9T\u00c9 LES R\u00c9SULTATS ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En Illinois, une \u00e9lasticit\u00e9 du prix de -0,05 a \u00e9t\u00e9 estim\u00e9e pour la TTR.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">Au Danemark, aucune \u00e9tude quantifiant la r\u00e9action des clients \u00e0 la TTR n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e. On ne sait pas non plus combien d\u2019argent les clients \u00e9conomisent gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la TTR. Bon nombre d\u2019entre eux ont opt\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut pour la TTR lorsqu\u2019ils sont pass\u00e9s \u00e0 des fournisseurs de d\u00e9tail.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.05pt;\">En Hollande, selon ANWB Energie, les clients de la TTR ont \u00e9conomis\u00e9 en moyenne plus de 200\u00a0euros par an. Pour les m\u00e9nages disposant d\u2019un VE, l\u2019\u00e9pargne a d\u00e9pass\u00e9 1\u00a0000\u00a0euros par an<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La figure ci-dessous illustre les changements dans les formes de charge qui d\u00e9coulent de la TTR. Elle montre que les consommateurs d\u00e9tournent leur consommation d\u2019\u00e9nergie des heures de pointe aux heures creuses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a02\u00a0: D\u00e9placement de la charge d\u00e9coulant de la TTR en Hollande<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure2_Load-shifting-in-response-to-RTP-in-Holland-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6063 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure2_Load-shifting-in-response-to-RTP-in-Holland-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure2_Load-shifting-in-response-to-RTP-in-Holland-1.png 624w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure2_Load-shifting-in-response-to-RTP-in-Holland-1-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure2_Load-shifting-in-response-to-RTP-in-Holland-1-84x55.png 84w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure2_Load-shifting-in-response-to-RTP-in-Holland-1-75x50.png 75w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les \u00e9conomies sur les factures des clients sont calcul\u00e9es par rapport \u00e0 ce qu\u2019ils paieraient en fonction de tarifs fixes, et non pas en fonction de la TMJ. En Norv\u00e8ge, o\u00f9 l\u2019hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 est abondante, il y a une certaine variation des prix horaires, mais dans une mesure moindre que ce qu\u2019on pourrait observer ailleurs, comme l\u2019illustre la figure ci-dessous<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><\/sup>. La variation des prix est en phase avec les variations entre les ratios des TMJ entre les heures de pointes et les heures creuses qui existent dans de nombreux pays. Il n\u2019est donc pas surprenant que la charge horaire ne varie pas beaucoup en fonction des prix horaires.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a03 : Variation des prix ($\/MWh) et de la charge (MW) en Norv\u00e8ge<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure3_Price-Variation-and-Load-in-Norway_FR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6064 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure3_Price-Variation-and-Load-in-Norway_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"582\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure3_Price-Variation-and-Load-in-Norway_FR.png 582w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure3_Price-Variation-and-Load-in-Norway_FR-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure3_Price-Variation-and-Load-in-Norway_FR-133x55.png 133w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Le graphique ci-dessus illustre comment la charge varie selon les prix\u00a0: l\u2019axe vertical gauche repr\u00e9sente le prix en $\/MWh; l\u2019axe vertical droit correspond \u00e0 la charge en MW; et l\u2019axe horizontal indique les intervalles au fil des mois.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conom\u00e9triques ont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 des \u00e9lasticit\u00e9s de prix tr\u00e8s faibles avec la TTR dans la fourchette de -0,01 \u00e0 -0,07. Cependant, les journ\u00e9es les plus froides, il n\u2019y a pas eu d\u2019\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 du prix. La recherche a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que le m\u00e9nage moyen ne r\u00e9agit pas \u00e0 la TTR. Toutefois, certains segments de la population en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral y r\u00e9agissent, y compris ceux qui v\u00e9rifient fr\u00e9quemment les prix horaires sur des applications ou ceux qui utilisent des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Une exp\u00e9rience sur le terrain avec des rabais \u00e9tablis en fonction des heures de pointe<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a><\/sup> a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en Norv\u00e8ge pour mesurer la r\u00e9action des clients de la TTR aux rabais qui leur \u00e9taient offerts<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/sup>. Il y avait deux ensembles de r\u00e9sultats, l\u2019un pour la p\u00e9riode de pointe de 2\u00a0heures et l\u2019autre pour la p\u00e9riode de pointe de 13\u00a0heures, comme illustr\u00e9 ci-dessous. La figure ci-dessous illustre la r\u00e9duction de la demande de pointe \u00e0 mesure que le ratio des tarifs entre les heures de pointes et les heures creuses augmentait.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure 4 : L\u2019arc des prix en Norv\u00e8ge (2\u00a0h et 13\u00a0heures)<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6188 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436-300x143.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"603\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436-300x143.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436-1024x488.png 1024w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436-768x366.png 768w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436-1536x732.png 1536w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436-115x55.png 115w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure4_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-in-Norway-2-and-13-hours_FR-1-1-e1759865795436.png 1652w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Il est utile de comparer ces r\u00e9sultats \u00e0 ceux d\u2019autres exp\u00e9riences et d\u2019un d\u00e9ploiement \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle. Au moment de la r\u00e9daction du pr\u00e9sent article, quelque 400\u00a0tarifs variables en fonction du temps ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en \u0153uvre \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, et leurs effets sur la demande de pointe ont fait l\u2019objet de rapports. Une m\u00e9ta-analyse de ces donn\u00e9es est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e dans <span class=\"Italic\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">Arcturus<\/span><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/sup>. La m\u00e9ta-analyse produit six \u00ab\u00a0arcs de r\u00e9action au prix\u00a0\u00bb qui\u00a0: (a) repr\u00e9sentent le pourcentage de r\u00e9duction de la demande de pointe par rapport au ratio des tarifs entre les heures de pointes et les heures creuses; (b) diff\u00e8rent selon (i) le rapport mesur\u00e9 lorsque la mesure est fond\u00e9e uniquement sur le signal de prix ou (ii) l\u2019utilisation en parall\u00e8le d\u2019une technologie habilitante et (iii) le type de tarification, \u00e0 savoir la THC, la tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques (\u00ab\u00a0THPC\u00a0\u00bb) ou le rabais sur les heures de pointe (\u00ab\u00a0RHP\u00a0\u00bb)<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, plus le ratio des tarifs entre les heures de pointes et les heures creuses est \u00e9lev\u00e9, plus la r\u00e9action au prix est importante. Cependant, la relation entre la r\u00e9action au prix et le ratio des prix n\u2019est pas lin\u00e9aire, elle est curviligne. La r\u00e9action au prix augmente avec le ratio des prix, mais \u00e0 un rythme d\u00e9croissant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Une technologie habilitante comme un thermostat intelligent intensifie la r\u00e9action au prix. Enfin, la r\u00e9action au prix d\u00e9pend \u00e9galement du type de signal de prix transmis au client \u2014 c.-\u00e0-d. qu\u2019il varie selon le type de tarification, \u00e0 savoir la THC, la THPC et les RHP.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Lorsqu\u2019on les compare \u00e0 ceux dont il est question dans la m\u00e9ta-analyse d\u2019<span class=\"Italic\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">Arcturus <\/span>illustr\u00e9e ci-dessus, les effets observ\u00e9s en Norv\u00e8ge sont beaucoup moins prononc\u00e9s, comme l\u2019illustre la figure ci-dessous. Les points verts proviennent de l\u2019analyse des donn\u00e9es de 400\u00a0d\u00e9ploiements de tarifs variables en fonction du temps (\u00ab\u00a0TVT\u00a0\u00bb) partout dans le monde \u00e0 la figure\u00a05.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a05 : Arcs de la r\u00e9action au prix pour divers tarifs variables en fonction du temps<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure5_The-Arcs-of-Price-Response-for-various-Time-Varying-Rates-Recovered_FR-e1759865946725.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6066 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure5_The-Arcs-of-Price-Response-for-various-Time-Varying-Rates-Recovered_FR-e1759865946725-300x162.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"674\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure5_The-Arcs-of-Price-Response-for-various-Time-Varying-Rates-Recovered_FR-e1759865946725-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure5_The-Arcs-of-Price-Response-for-various-Time-Varying-Rates-Recovered_FR-e1759865946725-102x55.png 102w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure5_The-Arcs-of-Price-Response-for-various-Time-Varying-Rates-Recovered_FR-e1759865946725.png 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a06 : Arc de la r\u00e9action au prix en Norv\u00e8ge (2 h et 13\u00a0h) et dans Arcturus<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6189 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558-300x145.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558-1024x495.png 1024w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558-768x371.png 768w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558-1536x742.png 1536w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558-114x55.png 114w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure6_The-Arc-of-Price-Response-Norway-2-and-13-hours-and-Arcturus_FR-1-e1759865841558.png 1652w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\">En Espagne, de 2015 \u00e0 2023, la TTR \u00e9tait la tarification utilis\u00e9e par d\u00e9faut, comme indiqu\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment. Environ la moiti\u00e9 des m\u00e9nages y sont inscrits, mais 77\u00a0% d\u2019entre eux ne savaient m\u00eame pas que c\u2019\u00e9tait le cas. La plupart des clients de la TTR ne savaient pas quel tarif ils payaient. La figure ci-dessous pr\u00e9sente le ratio entre les prix les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s et les prix les plus bas pendant la journ\u00e9e. Il ne d\u00e9passe pas 2:1. La figure 8 illustre la variation du prix au cours de la p\u00e9riode d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a07 : Ratio entre le prix le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et le prix le plus bas chaque jour en Espagne<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure7_Ratio-between-the-highest-and-lowest-price-each-day-in-Spain_FR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6068 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure7_Ratio-between-the-highest-and-lowest-price-each-day-in-Spain_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure7_Ratio-between-the-highest-and-lowest-price-each-day-in-Spain_FR.png 624w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure7_Ratio-between-the-highest-and-lowest-price-each-day-in-Spain_FR-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure7_Ratio-between-the-highest-and-lowest-price-each-day-in-Spain_FR-84x55.png 84w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure7_Ratio-between-the-highest-and-lowest-price-each-day-in-Spain_FR-75x50.png 75w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a08 : Prix quotidien moyen au cours de la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode en Espagne (Euro\/MWh)<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure8_Average-daily-prices-over-the-same-period-in-Spain_FR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6069 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure8_Average-daily-prices-over-the-same-period-in-Spain_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure8_Average-daily-prices-over-the-same-period-in-Spain_FR.png 624w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure8_Average-daily-prices-over-the-same-period-in-Spain_FR-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure8_Average-daily-prices-over-the-same-period-in-Spain_FR-83x55.png 83w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure8_Average-daily-prices-over-the-same-period-in-Spain_FR-75x50.png 75w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">L\u2019analyse \u00e9conom\u00e9trique de la forme de la charge et des donn\u00e9es sur le tarif pour quatre\u00a0millions de m\u00e9nages n\u2019a pas permis de mesurer de valeur statistiquement significative pour ce qui est de l\u2019\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 du prix du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la demande<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">DANS QUELLE MESURE LA R\u00c9DUCTION DE LA CHARGE DE POINTE SUPPL\u00c9MENTAIRE EST-ELLE ATTRIBUABLE AU TARIF DANS UN R\u00c9GIME DE TTR PAR RAPPORT \u00c0 UN R\u00c9GIME DE TMJ\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9pend de la mesure dans laquelle la TTR varie selon les heures de l\u2019ann\u00e9e et si, pendant les heures de pointe, les valeurs de la TTR sont sup\u00e9rieures aux tarifs dans un r\u00e9gime de THC et de THPC. Il est probable que les tarifs du r\u00e9gime de TTR seront plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s que ceux pour la p\u00e9riode de pointe dans un r\u00e9gime de THC, car ces derniers sont calcul\u00e9s sur une moyenne de 600 \u00e0 1\u00a0000\u00a0heures pendant la saison de pointe. Cependant, les tarifs dans un r\u00e9gime de TTR et ceux dans un r\u00e9gime THPC pourraient \u00eatre d\u2019une ampleur assez semblable, car dans ce dernier r\u00e9gime, les tarifs sont principalement d\u00e9termin\u00e9s en fonction des 50 \u00e0 100\u00a0premi\u00e8res heures de la saison de pointe. Par cons\u00e9quent, il ne faut pas s\u2019attendre \u00e0 ce que la TTR entra\u00eene comme r\u00e9action une charge suppl\u00e9mentaire sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la THPC fond\u00e9e sur le co\u00fbt.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Pour obtenir la r\u00e9action la plus importante \u00e0 la TTR, trois choses doivent se produire.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"NumberedList3MainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients doivent \u00eatre pleinement inform\u00e9s des tarifs horaires, de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence au moyen d\u2019une application sur leur t\u00e9l\u00e9phone et d\u2019un portail Web.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"NumberedList3MainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Ils doivent \u00eatre sensibilis\u00e9s aux avantages de la TTR et \u00eatre motiv\u00e9s \u00e0 prendre le temps de consulter l\u2019application.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"NumberedList3MainList\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Ils doivent apprendre \u00e0 programmer leurs charges d\u2019utilisation finale de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce qu\u2019elles r\u00e9agissent automatiquement aux tarifs, un processus appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0getting prices-to-devices\u00a0\u00bb (transmettre le tarif jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019appareil). Cela peut se faire avec des thermostats intelligents et des bornes de recharge pour VE, mais ce n\u2019est pas parce que le client en a la possibilit\u00e9 qu\u2019il le fait. Les m\u00eames concepts s\u2019appliquent \u00e0 la THPC.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Il convient de mentionner que l\u2019entreprise Oklahoma Gas &amp; Electric (\u00ab\u00a0OGE\u00a0\u00bb), en Oklahoma, a mis en \u0153uvre un concept plus avanc\u00e9 de la tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques appel\u00e9 tarification aux heures de pointe variables ou THPV. Cependant, il ne faut pas confondre la THPV et les centrales \u00e9lectriques virtuelles<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><\/sup>. La THPV comportent quatre niveaux de tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques, selon l\u2019achalandage du r\u00e9seau. OGE transmet les prix directement au thermostat du client, mettant ainsi en \u0153uvre le concept de prix variables pour les appareils, mais de fa\u00e7on beaucoup plus simple qu\u2019une TTR. S\u2019il le souhaite, le client peut programmer le thermostat de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 ce que ses r\u00e9glages de temp\u00e9rature varient selon les tarifs, mais il n\u2019est pas tenu de le faire. Il convient par ailleurs de pr\u00e9ciser qu\u2019OGE ne ma\u00eetrise pas le thermostat du client.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Le programme est facultatif. 10\u00a0% des m\u00e9nages se sont inscrits \u00e0 ce programme. Les \u00e9conomies r\u00e9alis\u00e9es sur les montants factur\u00e9s sont consid\u00e9rables, tout comme la r\u00e9duction de la demande en p\u00e9riode de pointe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les taux de participation \u00e0 la tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques sont beaucoup plus bas. En Californie, les taux de participation sont estim\u00e9s \u00e0 environ 2\u00a0% des m\u00e9nages<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">LES SERVICES PUBLICS DEVRAIENT-ILS OFFRIR AUX CLIENTS DES OPTIONS EN MATI\u00c8RE DE CONCEPTION TARIFAIRE\u00a0?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">En r\u00e8gle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, il est avis\u00e9 d\u2019offrir un choix de tarifs aux clients<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a><\/sup>. Les clients n\u2019ont pas tous les m\u00eames besoins. Diff\u00e9rentes raisons de nature d\u00e9mographique et psychographique expliquent pourquoi certains clients pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent des tarifs fixes, alors que d\u2019autres choisissent des tarifs en fonction du moment de la journ\u00e9e, et que certains optent pour des tarifs dynamiques. Chaque tarif offert devrait \u00eatre fond\u00e9 sur les co\u00fbts. Lorsque ces tarifs sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s en fonction des risques et des r\u00e9compenses qui leur correspondent, il en ressort une fronti\u00e8re de tarification efficace, comme l\u2019illustre la figure\u00a09.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Figure\u00a09 : Compromis entre le risque et la r\u00e9compense le long de la fronti\u00e8re de la tarification efficace<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"IMGMain\" style=\"text-align: center; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure9_Risk-Reward-Trade-Offs-along-the-Efficient-Pricing-Frontier_FR.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6070 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure9_Risk-Reward-Trade-Offs-along-the-Efficient-Pricing-Frontier_FR.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"432\" srcset=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure9_Risk-Reward-Trade-Offs-along-the-Efficient-Pricing-Frontier_FR.png 624w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure9_Risk-Reward-Trade-Offs-along-the-Efficient-Pricing-Frontier_FR-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Faruqui_Figure9_Risk-Reward-Trade-Offs-along-the-Efficient-Pricing-Frontier_FR-79x55.png 79w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les termes sont d\u00e9finis dans le tableau\u00a01 ci-dessous.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Tableau\u00a01 : \u00c9l\u00e9ments d\u2019une conception tarifaire<sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"MsoNormalTable\" style=\"letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Conception tarifaire<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-left: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">D\u00e9finition<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">FG<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients paient la m\u00eame facture chaque mois, peu importe l\u2019usage.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Tarif forfaitaire<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Un tarif uniforme en $US\/kWh est appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 tous les usages.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Frais li\u00e9s \u00e0 la demande<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients se font facturer en fonction de la consommation d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 de pointe, habituellement sur une p\u00e9riode de 15, 30 ou 60\u00a0minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">THC<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">La journ\u00e9e est divis\u00e9e en p\u00e9riodes, qui d\u00e9finissent les heures de pointe et les heures creuses. Les tarifs sont plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s pendant la p\u00e9riode de pointe pour tenir compte du co\u00fbt plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de l\u2019approvisionnement en \u00e9nergie durant cette p\u00e9riode.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">THPC<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients paient des tarifs plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s lors d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nements critiques, lorsque les co\u00fbts du syst\u00e8me sont les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s ou lorsque le r\u00e9seau \u00e9lectrique est soumis \u00e0 de graves contraintes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">TV<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients doivent payer un tarif plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 pour chaque bloc suppl\u00e9mentaire de consommation.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">RHP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients sont pay\u00e9s pour les r\u00e9ductions de charge les jours critiques, lesquelles sont estim\u00e9es par rapport \u00e0 une projection de l\u2019\u00e9nergie qu\u2019ils auraient autrement consomm\u00e9e (leur base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">THPV<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Pendant des p\u00e9riodes de pointe pr\u00e9d\u00e9finies, les clients paient un tarif qui varie selon le service public pour refl\u00e9ter le co\u00fbt r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">ASD<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients s\u2019abonnent \u00e0 un niveau de demande en kilowatts bas\u00e9 sur la taille de leur charge raccord\u00e9e. Si leur consommation d\u00e9passe le niveau de leur abonnement, ils doivent r\u00e9duire leur demande pour r\u00e9tablir le service \u00e9lectrique.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">ET<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients s\u2019abonnent \u00e0 une forme de charge de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence en fonction de leurs habitudes d\u2019utilisation, puis ach\u00e8tent ou vendent les \u00e9carts par rapport \u00e0 leur base de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 88pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">TTR<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 250pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-right: 1pt solid black; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"333\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Les clients paient des prix qui varient d\u2019une heure \u00e0 l\u2019autre pour refl\u00e9ter le co\u00fbt r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 3pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 338pt; border-right: 1pt solid black; border-bottom: 1pt solid black; border-left: 1pt solid black; border-image: initial; border-top: none; padding: 4pt; height: 3pt;\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"451\">\n<p class=\"TableTXTMain\" style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1pt;\"><span class=\"Bold\" style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">FG\u00a0: facture garantie; TV\u00a0: tarif variable; RHP\u00a0: rabais \u00e9tablis en fonction des heures de pointe; ASD\u00a0: abonnement au service \u00e0 la demande; ET\u00a0: \u00e9nergie transactive<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"BoldHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BoldAllCapsHeadingMain\" style=\"break-after: avoid; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-weight: bold; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">CONCLUSIONS<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"BodyJustifiedMain\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">Le d\u00e9ploiement de la TTR n\u2019a pas fait beaucoup de progr\u00e8s aux \u00c9tats-Unis, m\u00eame si des formes plus simples de tarifs variables en fonction du temps gagnent en popularit\u00e9 dans une grande partie du monde, principalement les tarifs statiques \u00e9tablis en fonction de l\u2019heure de la consommation, mais aussi les mod\u00e8les de tarification dynamique, comme la tarification pour les heures de pointe critiques et les rabais \u00e9tablis en fonction des heures de pointe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;\">La TTR se r\u00e9pand beaucoup plus rapidement en Europe, principalement en raison de la concurrence du commerce de d\u00e9tail. Cependant, au moment de la r\u00e9daction du pr\u00e9sent rapport, aucune preuve empirique ne permet de croire que la TTR entra\u00eene une r\u00e9duction plus importante de la demande de pointe ou de la quantit\u00e9 de charge d\u00e9plac\u00e9e des p\u00e9riodes de pointe aux p\u00e9riodes creuses que des formes beaucoup plus simples de tarifs variables en fonction du temps ou qu\u2019il permet aux clients de r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9conomies plus substantielles sur les montants factur\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul class=\"footnote\" style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn1\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\">* L\u2019auteur est un \u00e9conomiste g\u00e9n\u00e9ral qui a publi\u00e9 de nombreux articles sur les tarifs variables en fonction du temps et sur des sujets connexes comme la pr\u00e9vision de la demande, la gestion de la demande, la souplesse de la charge, les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques (\u00ab VE \u00bb) et les ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques distribu\u00e9es (\u00ab RED \u00bb). Il a conseill\u00e9 plus d\u2019une centaine de clients situ\u00e9s sur six continents, publi\u00e9 de nombreux articles sur le sujet et a \u00e9t\u00e9 mentionn\u00e9 dans de nombreux commentaires dans les journaux. Il a travaill\u00e9 au sein de plusieurs institutions, dont la California Energy Commission, EPRI, Barakat &amp; Chamberlin, Charles River Associates et Brattle Group.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">1<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Alberta Utilities Commission, \u00ab\u00a0Electricity rates: The AUC ensures regulated customers receive safe and reliable service at just and reasonable rates\u201d (consult\u00e9 le 14\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/auc.ab.ca\/current-electricity-rates-and-terms-and-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">auc.ab.ca\/current-electricity-rates-and-terms-and-conditions<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">2<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Nordic Energy\u00a0Research, \u00ab\u00a0Evaluation of Nordic Electricity Retail Markets\u00a0\u00bb (12\u00a0avril\u00a02024), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/nordicenergy.org\/publications\/evaluation-of-nordic-electricity-retail-markets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nordicenergy.org\/publications\/evaluation-of-nordic-electricity-retail-markets<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn3\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">3<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Enea, \u00ab\u00a0Project Edith: Project Overview Report\u00a0\u00bb (juillet\u00a02022), en ligne (pdf)\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/ausgrid.com.au\/-\/media\/Documents\/Reports-and-Research\/Project-Edith\/Project-Edith-2022.pdf?rev=42030a3921274632910a9fbf6ff1e2ac\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ausgrid.com.au\/-\/media\/Documents\/Reports-and-Research\/Project-Edith\/Project-Edith-2022.pdf?rev=42030a3921274632910a9fbf6ff1e2ac<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn4\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">4<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Renew Economy, \u00ab\u00a0Project that calmed network fears about rooftop solar wins innovation award\u00a0\u00bb (26\u00a0septembre\u00a02023), en ligne : &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/reneweconomy.com.au\/project-that-calmed-network-fears-about-rooftop-solar-wins-innovation-award\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reneweconomy.com.au\/project-that-calmed-network-fears-about-rooftop-solar-wins-innovation-award<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn5\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">5<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Ausgrid, \u00ab\u00a0Making electricity accessible for all\u00a0\u00bb (consult\u00e9 le 14\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/ausgrid.com.au\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ausgrid.com.au<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn6\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">6<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Environmental Defense Fund, \u00ab\u00a0Data reveals real-time electricity pricing would help nearly all ComEd customers save money\u00a0\u00bb (14\u00a0novembre\u00a02017) en ligne\u00a0(blog) : &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/11\/14\/data-reveals-real-time-electricity-pricing-would-help-nearly-all-comed-customers-save-money\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blogs.edf.org\/energyexchange\/2017\/11\/14\/data-reveals-real-time-electricity-pricing-would-help-nearly-all-comed-customers-save-money<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn7\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">7<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Radius, \u00ab\u00a0Tariffs and network subscriptions\u00a0\u00bb (14\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/radiuselnet.dk\/elnetkunder\/tariffer-og-netabonnement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radiuselnet.dk\/elnetkunder\/tariffer-og-netabonnement<\/a>&gt;. Une couronne danoise \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 0,16\u00a0dollar am\u00e9ricain.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn8\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">8<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Red El\u00e9ctrica, \u201cVoluntary pric e for the small consumer (PVPC)\u201d (consult\u00e9 le 14\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne : &lt;<a style=\"word-break: break-all;\" href=\"https:\/\/redeia.com\/es\/actividades\/operacion-del-sistema-electrico\/precio-voluntario-pequeno-consumidor-pvpc#:~:text=Es%20el%20nuevo%20sistema%20de%20fijaci\u00f3n%20del%20precio,a%20la%20anterior%20Tarifa%20de%20\u00daltimo%20Recurso%20%28TUR%29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">redeia.com\/es\/actividades\/operacion-del-sistema-electrico\/precio-voluntario-pequeno-consumidor-pvpc#:~:text=Es%20el%20nuevo%20sistema%20de%20fijaci\u00f3n%20del%20precio,a%20la%20anterior%20Tarifa%20de%20\u00daltimo%20Recurso%20%28TUR%29<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn9\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">9<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Octopusenergy, \u00ab\u00a0Join the UK\u2019s most popular energy supplier: Enter your postcode to get a quote\u00a0\u00bb (consult\u00e9 le 17\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/octopus.energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">octopus.energy<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn10\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">10<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Octopusenergy, \u00ab\u00a0The 100% green electricity tariff with Plunge Pricing\u00a0\u00bb (consult\u00e9 le 14\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/octopus.energy\/smart\/agile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">octopus.energy\/smart\/agile<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn11\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">11<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Octopusenergy, \u00ab\u00a0Dashboard\u00a0\u00bb (consult\u00e9 le 17\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/agile.octopushome.net\/dashboard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agile.octopushome.net\/dashboard<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn12\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">12<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><em> Ibid<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn13\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">13<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Solar Storage Mazazine, \u00ab\u00a0ANWB: more conscious use of energy through dynamic contracts with hourly prices\u00a0\u00bb (26\u00a0octobre\u00a02023), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/solarmagazine.nl\/nieuws-zonne-energie\/i35666\/anwb-bewuster-gebruik-energie-door-dynamische-contracten-met-uurprijzen?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_publishing-image-block\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">solarmagazine.nl\/nieuws-zonne-energie\/i35666\/anwb-bewuster-gebruik-energie-door-dynamische-contracten-met-uurprijzen?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_publishing-image-block<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn14\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">14<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <em>Ibid<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn15\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">15<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Euenergy, \u00ab\u00a0Electricity prices no Norway\u00a0\u00bb (consult\u00e9 le 17\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/euenergy.live\/country.php?a2=NO1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">euenergy.live\/country.php?a2=NO1<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn16\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">16<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <em>Ibid<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn17\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">17<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Les rabais \u00e9tablis en fonction des heures de pointe (RHP) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s avec succ\u00e8s au Maryland par BGE, Delmarva Power et Pepco. Par d\u00e9faut, tous les clients b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient des RHP. Plus de 80\u00a0% des clients r\u00e9agissent activement aux RHP et r\u00e9duisent leur demande pendant les heures critiques pour le r\u00e9seau, en plus d\u2019\u00eatre indemnis\u00e9s \u00e0 raison de 1,25\u00a0$\/kWh.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn18\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">18<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Matthias Hofmann &amp; Karen Byskov Lindberg, <span class=\"Italic\" style=\"font-style: italic;\">Evidence of households\u2019 demand flexibility in response to variable electricity prices \u2013 Results from a comprehensive field experiment in Norway<\/span>, Energy Policy, 2024.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn19\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">19<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Ahmad Faruqui, \u00ab\u00a0Flexible Demand in Norway: A conversation with Matthias Hofmann\u00a0\u00bb (consult\u00e9 le 26\u00a0juillet\u00a02025), en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/energycentral.com\/energy-management\/post\/flexible-demand-norway-conversation-matthias-hofmann-ucF8AEYtaQpYfVS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">energycentral.com\/energy-management\/post\/flexible-demand-norway-conversation-matthias-hofmann-ucF8AEYtaQpYfVS<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn20\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">20<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Sanem Sergici et coll., \u00ab\u00a0DO Customers Respond to Time-Varying Rates: A Preview of Arcturus 3.0\u00a0\u00bb (2023) Brattle, en ligne (pdf)\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/brattle.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Do-Customers-Respond-to-Time-Varying-Rates-A-Preview-of-Arcturus-3.0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brattle.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Do-Customers-Respond-to-Time-Varying-Rates-A-Preview-of-Arcturus-3.0.pdf<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn21\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">21<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Les clients qui r\u00e9duisent leur charge pendant des p\u00e9riodes critiques se voient offrir un rabais dans le cadre d\u2019un programme de RHP et \u00e9vitent ainsi d\u2019\u00eatre expos\u00e9s \u00e0 un prix plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans le cadre d\u2019une THPC.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn22\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">22<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><em> Supra<\/em> note 20 \u00e0 la p 9.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn23\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">23<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"><em> Supra<\/em> note 21.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn24\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">24<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\"> Natalia Fabra et coll., \u00ab\u00a0Estimating the Elasticity to Real Time Pricing: Evidence from the Spanish Electricity Market\u00a0\u00bb (2021) 111:1 AEA Papers and Proceedings 425; Natalia Fabra, \u00ab\u00a0Real Time Pricing for Everyone: Evidence from the Spanish Electricity Market\u00a0\u00bb (2019), en ligne (pdf)\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/mreguant.github.io\/em-course\/materials\/day4\/slides_rtp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mreguant.github.io\/em-course\/materials\/day4\/slides_rtp.pdf<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn25\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">25<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> <em>Ibid<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn26\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">26<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\" style=\"letter-spacing: 0pt;\"> Natalia Fabra et al., \u00ab Estimating the Elasticity to Real Time Pricing: Evidence from the Spanish Electricity Market \u00bb (2021) 111:1 AEA Papers and Proceedings 425; Natalia Fabra, \u00ab Real_Time Pricing for Everyone: Evidence from the Spanish Electricity Market \u00bb (2019), en ligne (pdf) : &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/mreguant.github.io\/em-course\/materials\/day4\/slides_rtp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mreguant.github.io\/em-course\/materials\/day4\/slides_rtp.pdf<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn27\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">27<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> OGE Energy Corp., \u00ab\u00a0Pricing Options\u00a0\u00bb (2025) en ligne\u00a0: &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/oge.com\/wps\/portal\/ord\/residential\/pricing-options\/smart-hours\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">oge.com\/wps\/portal\/ord\/residential\/pricing-options\/smart-hours<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn28\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">28<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> D\u2019apr\u00e8s des entretiens avec le personnel de l\u2019une des trois entreprises d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 appartenant \u00e0 des investisseurs.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn29\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">29<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Ahmad Faruqui &amp; Cecile\u00a0Bourbonnais, \u00ab\u00a0The Tariffs of Tomorrow: Innovations in Rate Designs\u00a0\u00bb Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, en ligne : &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9069846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9069846<\/a>&gt;.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn30\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">30<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Conceptualisation de l\u2019auteur.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div id=\"ftn31\">\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><sup><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">31<\/a><\/sup><span lang=\"FR-CA\"> Conceptualisation de l\u2019auteur.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"FootnoteFootnotes\" style=\"text-align: justify; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;\"><span lang=\"FR-CA\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>R\u00c9SUM\u00c9 Le pr\u00e9sent article porte sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de plusieurs pays \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la tarification en temps r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages. Dans les \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques, la tarification en temps r\u00e9el est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme la \u00ab\u00a0meilleure\u00a0\u00bb forme de tarification [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"coauthors":[150],"class_list":["post-5958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles","volume-volume-13-issue-3-2025"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Prix en temps r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages : une analyse internationale - Publication trimestrielle sur la r\u00e8glementation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/articles\/real-time-pricing-of-electricity-for-households-an-international-survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"[:en]Real time pricing of electricity for households: An international survey[:fr]Prix en temps r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages : une analyse internationale[:] - Publication trimestrielle sur la r\u00e8glementation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"R\u00c9SUM\u00c9 Le pr\u00e9sent article porte sur l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de plusieurs pays \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la tarification en temps r\u00e9el de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour les m\u00e9nages. 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