{"id":3345,"date":"2021-04-14T17:39:52","date_gmt":"2021-04-14T17:39:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.energyregulationquarterly.ca\/?p=3345"},"modified":"2022-06-24T14:17:21","modified_gmt":"2022-06-24T14:17:21","slug":"the-heathrow-airport-case-revisited","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/energyregulationquarterly.ca\/fr\/articles\/the-heathrow-airport-case-revisited","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019affaire de l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow r\u00e9examin\u00e9e"},"content":{"rendered":"

INTRODUCTION DU DIRECTEUR DE R\u00c9DACTION<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le dernier num\u00e9ro de la Publication trimestrielle sur la r\u00e8glementation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie comprenait un article[1]<\/sup> sur la d\u00e9cision de la cour d\u2019appel d\u2019Angleterre et du pays de Galles dans l\u2019affaire R\u00a0(Friends of the Earth) v Secretary of State for Transport and others<\/em>[2]<\/sup>. La d\u00e9cision comprenait un examen d\u00e9taill\u00e9 de la mani\u00e8re dont la l\u00e9gislation sur le changement climatique peut freiner les grands projets d\u2019infrastructure.<\/p>\n

Dans l\u2019affaire de l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow, la cour d\u2019appel a estim\u00e9 que, comme le secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat n\u2019avait pas tenu compte des engagements pris par le Royaume-Uni dans le cadre de l\u2019Accord de Paris[3]<\/sup> avant d\u2019approuver la politique qui ouvrirait la voie \u00e0 la construction d\u2019une troisi\u00e8me piste \u00e0 l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow, cette approbation \u00e9tait vici\u00e9e. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, la cour d\u2019appel a estim\u00e9 que la Planning Act<\/em>[4]<\/sup> obligeait le secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat \u00e0 tenir compte des politiques gouvernementales en mati\u00e8re de changement climatique, et que l\u2019Accord de Paris entrait dans le cadre de ces \u00ab\u00a0politiques gouvernementales\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Peu apr\u00e8s la parution de cet article, la cour supr\u00eame du Royaume-Uni a rendu une d\u00e9cision unanime autorisant l\u2019appel de la d\u00e9cision dans l\u2019affaire de l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow[5]<\/sup>. Les r\u00e9dacteurs en chef de la Publication trimestrielle sur la r\u00e8glementation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie ont estim\u00e9 qu\u2019un commentaire sur cette derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cision int\u00e9resserait les lecteurs.<\/p>\n

L\u2019APPEL DEVANT LA COUR SUPR\u00caME DU ROYAUME-UNI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Il est important de noter que cet appel a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 non pas par le secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat, mais par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 propri\u00e9taire de l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow, qui avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 investi des fonds importants dans le projet lorsque la cour d\u2019appel a rendu sa d\u00e9cision.<\/p>\n

La cour supr\u00eame du Royaume-Uni a compl\u00e8tement renvers\u00e9 la d\u00e9cision de la cour d\u2019appel sur plusieurs points essentiels. En effet, la cour supr\u00eame a jug\u00e9 que l\u2019Accord de Paris ne b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiait pas <\/em>du statut de \u00ab\u00a0politique gouvernementale\u00a0\u00bb tel que ce terme est utilis\u00e9 dans la Planning Act<\/em>. La cour supr\u00eame a estim\u00e9 qu\u2019une interpr\u00e9tation lib\u00e9rale du terme \u00ab\u00a0politique gouvernementale\u00a0\u00bb dans le cadre de la Planning Act <\/em>cr\u00e9erait un \u00ab\u00a0pi\u00e8ge \u00e0 ours\u00a0\u00bb pour le gouvernement. La cour supr\u00eame a pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 adopter une interpr\u00e9tation plus \u00e9troite de l\u2019expression \u00ab\u00a0politique gouvernementale\u00a0\u00bb, qu\u2019elle a limit\u00e9e \u00e0 des d\u00e9clarations de politiques \u00e9crites formul\u00e9es soigneusement, puis approuv\u00e9es par les minist\u00e8res concern\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle gouvernementale. Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, la cour supr\u00eame a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 ce qui suit\u00a0:<\/p>\n

105\u2026 Pour que le paragraphe soit appliqu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re sens\u00e9e, il faut donner \u00e0 l\u2019expression un sens relativement \u00e9troit afin que les politiques pertinentes puissent \u00eatre facilement d\u00e9termin\u00e9es. Sinon, les fonctionnaires devront fouiller dans le Hansard et les d\u00e9clarations de presse pour voir si un ministre a dit quelque chose qui pourrait \u00eatre qualifi\u00e9e de \u00ab\u00a0politique\u00a0\u00bb. Le Parlement ne peut pas avoir eu l\u2019intention de cr\u00e9er un tel pi\u00e8ge \u00e0 ours pour les ministres en leur demandant de prendre en compte toute d\u00e9claration minist\u00e9rielle qui pourrait, en langage courant, \u00eatre d\u00e9crite comme une d\u00e9claration de politique relative au domaine concern\u00e9[6]<\/sup>. [traduction]<\/p>\n

La Cour supr\u00eame a \u00e9galement conclu que les trait\u00e9s internationaux qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ratifi\u00e9s mais non ench\u00e2ss\u00e9s dans la l\u00e9gislation britannique ne sont pas contraignants au niveau national, et que cette ratification est un acte qui n\u2019a d\u2019impact que sur le plan international :<\/p>\n

108\u2026 Le fait que le Royaume-Uni ait ratifi\u00e9 l\u2019Accord de Paris n\u2019est pas en soi une d\u00e9claration de politique gouvernementale au sens voulu. La ratification est un acte sur le plan international. Elle donne lieu \u00e0 des obligations du Royaume-Uni en mati\u00e8re de droit international qui perdurent, qu\u2019un gouvernement particulier reste ou non en fonction et qui, en tant qu\u2019obligations conventionnelles, \u201cne font pas partie de la l\u00e9gislation britannique et ne donnent lieu \u00e0 aucun droit ou \u00e0 aucune obligation en droit interne\u2026\u201d[7]<\/sup> [traduction]<\/p>\n

La Cour supr\u00eame a \u00e9galement fait preuve d\u2019une grande d\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de l\u2019\u00e9valuation des diff\u00e9rentes consid\u00e9rations par le Secr\u00e9taire d\u2019\u00c9tat, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 qui lui est conf\u00e9r\u00e9e par la Planning Act<\/em>, et l\u2019a jug\u00e9e raisonnable :<\/p>\n

155\u2026 Il n\u2019\u00e9tait pas d\u00e9raisonnable de d\u00e9cider de ne pas s\u2019aventurer dans l\u2019\u00e9valuation des \u00e9missions post-2050 par r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 des politiques futures qui n\u2019avaient pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 formul\u00e9es. Il \u00e9tait rationnel pour lui de supposer que les futures politiques relatives \u00e0 la p\u00e9riode post-2050, y compris les nouveaux objectifs d\u2019\u00e9missions, pourraient \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9es dans le cadre du processus et des m\u00e9canismes d\u2019[ordonnance d\u2019autorisation de d\u00e9veloppement] tels que la tarification du carbone, les am\u00e9liorations de la conception des avions, les am\u00e9liorations de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle et la limitation de la croissance de la demande[8]<\/sup>. [traduction]<\/p>\n

Il est clair que la d\u00e9cision de la cour supr\u00eame dans l\u2019affaire de l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow correspondait \u00e0 un retour retentissant \u00e0 une approche beaucoup plus conservatrice et d\u00e9f\u00e9rente, dont la d\u00e9cision de la cour d\u2019appel dans l\u2019affaire de l\u2019a\u00e9roport d\u2019Heathrow semblait s\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9loign\u00e9e (mais seulement bri\u00e8vement).<\/p>\n

Bien que les remous occasionn\u00e9s par les frictions qui existent entre les engagements internationaux en mati\u00e8re de changement climatique et la politique nationale aient \u00e9t\u00e9 momentan\u00e9ment att\u00e9nu\u00e9s par la d\u00e9cision de la cour supr\u00eame, il demeure que ces deux d\u00e9cisions contradictoires prises unanimement <\/em>par deux tribunaux sup\u00e9rieurs t\u00e9moignent du tumulte que ce sujet provoque actuellement dans la common law. Ces d\u00e9cisions devraient \u00e9galement faire ressortir le risque que cette incertitude juridique soutenue repr\u00e9sente pour les promoteurs de grands projets d\u2019infrastructure en cette \u00e8re de l\u00e9gislation ax\u00e9e sur la \u00ab carboneutralit\u00e9 \u00bb.<\/p>\n

*James MacDuff est associ\u00e9 chez McInnes Cooper. Il est membre du groupe de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et des ressources naturelles de ce cabinet et sa pratique est ax\u00e9e sur les questions de droit corporatif et r\u00e9glementaire.<\/p>\n

Melanie Gillis est avocate chez McInnes Cooper. Elle exerce de plus en plus dans le domaine des litiges des secteurs du commerce, de la construction, de l\u2019environnement et de l\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Melanie Gillis et James MacDuff, \u00ab Le climat et la construction croisent le fer : comment la l\u00e9gislation sur les \u00e9missions nettes nulles pourrait \u00eatre instrumentalis\u00e9e pour faire obstacle \u00e0 des projets d\u2019infrastructure \u00e0 \u00e9missions \u00e9lev\u00e9es \u00bb, (2020) 8:4 Publication trimestrielle sur la r\u00e8glementation de l\u2019\u00e9nergie 23.<\/li>\n
  2. [2020] EWCA Civ 214.<\/li>\n
  3. L\u2019accord de Paris<\/em>, 22 avril 2016, RT Can 2016 no<\/sup> 9 (entr\u00e9 en vigueur : 4 novembre 2016) [Accord de Paris].<\/li>\n
  4. Planning Act <\/em>(R-U), 2008, c 29, art 5(8).<\/li>\n
  5. R (on the application of Friends of the Earth Ltd and others) v Heathrow Airport Ltd.<\/em>, [2020] UKSC 52.<\/li>\n
  6. Ibid <\/em>au para 105.<\/li>\n
  7. Ibid <\/em>au para 108.<\/li>\n
  8. Ibid <\/em>au para 155.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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